Authorization rate, submission rate, and settlement rate are three different metrics, and blending them leads to the opposite conclusion. This article splits success rate into three metric layers and five failure categories, shows which failures you can fix yourself and which require local acquiring, and lays out a retry schedule, 3DS trigger policy, checkout ordering method, and controlled comparison habit.
India is a market where one method crowds out everything else, so skipping UPI means skipping India. Subscriptions are the hard part, because recurring debit channels have been tightened repeatedly. This playbook covers UPI product forms, three recurring paths, data localization and GST duties, and how to design retries when failures are common.
3D Secure 2 is not a switch where turning it on makes you safe and turning it off saves money. It is a mechanism you keep tuning between chargeback liability and conversion rate. This article covers how 3DS1 and 3DS2 differ, the frictionless and challenge flows, the four conditions that make liability shift valid, PSD2 SCA requirements and common exemption types, when to trigger and when to exempt, hosted versus self-built 3DS Server integration, the two-sided effect on success rate and chargebacks, and a tuning checklist.